tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19881630754138077492024-03-05T05:53:08.906-08:009biopinosPatricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-36239916300833128302018-11-09T08:13:00.002-08:002018-11-09T08:15:06.325-08:00POPULATION GENETICS AND THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This last week we will work in a mathematical model to explain how the evolution has occured. So please watch this video.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/hcL5TJp4v1I" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And here you have information about this topic. And exercises to develop to get extra point. Use a piece of paper to copy and solve them.</span><strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<center style="display: inline !important;">
<h2 style="display: inline !important;">
POPULATION GENETICS AND THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW</h2>
</center>
<ol type="1">
<li><strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow scientists to determine whether evolution has occurred. Any changes in the gene frequencies in the population over time can be detected. The law essentially states that if no evolution is occurring, then an equilibrium of allele frequencies will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of sexually reproducing individuals. In order for equilibrium to remain in effect (i.e. that no evolution is occurring) then the following five conditions must be met:<br />
<br />
<ol type="1">
<li>No mutations must occur so that new alleles do not enter the population.</li>
<li>No gene flow can occur (i.e. no migration of individuals into, or out of, the population).</li>
<li>Random mating must occur (i.e. individuals must pair by chance)</li>
<li>The population must be large so that no genetic drift (random chance) can cause the allele frequencies to change.</li>
<li>No selection can occur so that certain alleles are not selected for, or against.</li>
</ol>
Obviously, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cannot exist in real life. Some or all of these types of forces all act on living populations at various times and evolution at some level occurs in all living organisms. The Hardy-Weinberg formulas allow us to detect some allele frequencies that change from generation to generation, thus allowing a simplified method of determining that evolution is occurring. There are two formulas that must be memorized:<br />
<br />
<center>
<h2>
p<sup>2</sup> + 2pq + q<sup>2</sup> = 1 <i>and</i> p + q = 1</h2>
</center>
p = frequency of the dominant allele in the population<br />q = frequency of the recessive allele in the population<br />
p<sup>2</sup> = percentage of homozygous dominant individuals<br />q<sup>2</sup> = percentage of homozygous recessive individuals<br />2pq = percentage of heterozygous individuals<br />
<br />
Individuals that have aptitude for math find that working with the above formulas is ridiculously easy. However, for individuals who are unfamiliar with algebra, it takes some practice working problems before you get the hang of it. Below I have provided a series of practice problems that you may wish to try out. Note that I have rounded off some of the numbers in some problems to the second decimal place:<br />
<br />
<br />
<ol type="1">
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #1.</span>You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following:<br />
<br />
<ol type="A">
<li>The frequency of the "aa" genotype.</li>
<li>The frequency of the "a" allele.</li>
<li>The frequency of the "A" allele.</li>
<li>The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa."</li>
<li>The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if "A" is completely dominant over "a."</li>
</ol>
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #2.</span>Sickle-cell anemia is an interesting genetic disease. Normal homozygous individials (SS) have normal blood cells that are easily infected with the malarial parasite. Thus, many of these individuals become very ill from the parasite and many die. Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait (ss) have red blood cells that readily collapse when deoxygenated. Although malaria cannot grow in these red blood cells, individuals often die because of the genetic defect. However, individuals with the heterozygous condition (Ss) have some sickling of red blood cells, but generally not enough to cause mortality. In addition, malaria cannot survive well within these "partially defective" red blood cells. Thus, heterozygotes tend to survive better than either of the homozygous conditions. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous (Ss) for the sickle-cell gene?<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #3.</span>There are 100 students in a class. Ninety-six did well in the course whereas four blew it totally and received a grade of F. Sorry. In the highly unlikely event that these traits are genetic rather than environmental, if these traits involve dominant and recessive alleles, and if the four (4%) represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition, please calculate the following:<br />
<br />
<ol type="A">
<li>The frequency of the recessive allele.</li>
<li>The frequency of the dominant allele.</li>
<li>The frequency of heterozygous individuals.</li>
</ol>
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #4.</span>Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). And, 40% of all butterflies are white. Given this simple information, which is something that is very likely to be on an exam, calculate the following:<br />
<br />
<ol type="A">
<li>The percentage of butterflies in the population that are heterozygous.</li>
<li>The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.</li>
</ol>
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #5.</span>A rather large population of Biology instructors have 396 red-sided individuals and 557 tan-sided individuals. Assume that red is totally recessive. Please calculate the following:<br />
<br />
<ol type="A">
<li>The allele frequencies of each allele.</li>
<li>The expected genotype frequencies.</li>
<li>The number of heterozygous individuals that you would predict to be in this population.</li>
<li>The expected phenotype frequencies.</li>
<li>Conditions happen to be really good this year for breeding and next year there are 1,245 young "potential" Biology instructors. Assuming that all of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met, how many of these would you expect to be red-sided and how many tan-sided?</li>
</ol>
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #6.</span>A very large population of randomly-mating laboratory mice contains 35% white mice. White coloring is caused by the double recessive genotype, "aa". Calculate allelic and genotypic frequencies for this population.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #7.</span>After graduation, you and 19 of your closest friends (lets say 10 males and 10 females) charter a plane to go on a round-the-world tour. Unfortunately, you all crash land (safely) on a deserted island. No one finds you and you start a new population totally isolated from the rest of the world. Two of your friends carry (i.e. are heterozygous for) the recessive cystic fibrosis allele (c). Assuming that the frequency of this allele does not change as the population grows, what will be the incidence of cystic fibrosis on your island?<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #8.</span>You sample 1,000 individuals from a large population for the MN blood group, which can easily be measured since co-dominance is involved (i.e., you can detect the heterozygotes). They are typed accordingly:<br />
<br />
<center>
<table border="4" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="4" style="width: 70%px;"><tbody>
<tr><th><center>
BLOOD TYPE</center>
</th><th><center>
GENOTYPE</center>
</th><th><center>
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS</center>
</th><th><center>
RESULTING FREQUENCY</center>
</th></tr>
<tr><th><center>
M</center>
</th><th><center>
MM</center>
</th><th><center>
490</center>
</th><th><center>
0.49</center>
</th></tr>
<tr><th><center>
MN</center>
</th><th><center>
MN</center>
</th><th><center>
420</center>
</th><th><center>
0.42</center>
</th></tr>
<tr><th><center>
N</center>
</th><th><center>
NN</center>
</th><th><center>
90</center>
</th><th><center>
0.09</center>
</th></tr>
</tbody></table>
</center>
<br />
Using the data provide above, calculate the following:<br />
<br />
<ol type="A">
<li>The frequency of each allele in the population.</li>
<li>Supposing the matings are random, the frequencies of the matings.</li>
<li>The probability of each genotype resulting from each potential cross.</li>
</ol>
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #9.</span>Cystic fibrosis is a recessive condition that affects about 1 in 2,500 babies in the Caucasian population of the United States. Please calculate the following.<br />
<br />
<ol type="A">
<li>The frequency of the recessive allele in the population.</li>
<li>The frequency of the dominant allele in the population.</li>
<li>The percentage of heterozygous individuals (carriers) in the population.</li>
</ol>
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #10.</span>In a given population, only the "A" and "B" alleles are present in the ABO system; there are no individuals with type "O" blood or with O alleles in this particular population. If 200 people have type A blood, 75 have type AB blood, and 25 have type B blood, what are the alleleic frequencies of this population (i.e., what are p and q)?<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><span style="color: maroon;">PROBLEM #11.</span>The ability to taste PTC is due to a single dominate allele "T". You sampled 215 individuals in biology, and determined that 150 could detect the bitter taste of PTC and 65 could not. Calculate all of the potential frequencies.<br />
</li>
</ol>
<div>
See you!!!</div>
</span></strong></li>
</ol>
Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-38615276117937130862018-10-29T08:19:00.000-07:002018-10-29T08:19:09.287-07:00POPULATIONS ECOLOGY<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This week we will work on Population ecology, so please....</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Print and read the following worksheet in pairs:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ujngIj5AogMjDkEczN5eKbVh3ltBpOqL/view?usp=sharing">WORKSHEET ON POPULATION ECOLOGY</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Watch this video and bring questions to the class!!!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RBOsqmBQBQk" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">See you at class!!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-12021890544089168312018-10-16T16:31:00.004-07:002018-10-16T16:31:42.513-07:00DICHOTOMOUS KEY LAB<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This week we will work in a dichotomous key design, so please, follow the instructions here.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Print this worksheet and bring it to class.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1B0Kf7C2duNCPpZawZ5fx1jKz6XZOhiFM/view?usp=sharing">DICHOTOMOUS KEY LAB</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">First of all, use the video to feed your Theoretical Framework.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wpKulkADzBk" width="560"></iframe><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Secondly, red the following passage to start your understanding about the topic:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; margin-bottom: 23px; padding: 0px;">
<strong style="background: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Background Information</span></strong></div>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; margin-bottom: 23px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items and organisms in the natural world. It is the most widely used form of classification in the biological sciences because it offers the user a quick and easy way of identifying unknown organisms. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. “Dichotomous” means “divided into two parts.” That is why dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step. In each step, the user is presented with two statements based on characteristics of the organism. If the user makes the correct choice every time, the name of the organism will be revealed at the end.</span></div>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; margin-bottom: 23px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are two kinds of descriptions that might be presented to the user of a dichotomous key: qualitative and quantitative descriptions. Qualitative descriptions concern the physical attributes, or <em style="background: none; border: 0px; margin: 0px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;">qualities</em>, of the item being classified. Examples of qualitative descriptions are such phrases as “contains green striations on top surface” or “feels slick on bottom surface.” Quantitative descriptions concern values that correspond with the item being classified. Examples of quantitative descriptions are such phrases as “has 10 striations on top surface,” “has 8 legs,” or “weighs 5 grams”. Knowing the difference between these two types of descriptions can be immensely beneficial for creators and users of dichotomous keys.</span></div>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; margin-bottom: 23px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">There are two ways to set up a dichotomous key. One way is to present the two choices together, and the other way is to group by relationships. When the dichotomous key is set up by presenting the two choices together, it is easy to distinguish between them. However, relationships between various characteristics are not emphasized. When the dichotomous key is grouped by relationships, the choices are separated, yet it is easy to see the relationships between them. While this method may prove to be more difficult to construct, many users prefer it because it gives them more information.</span></div>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; margin-bottom: 23px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Taken from: http://www.laseagrant.org/education/lessons/halfshell/creating-key/</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">SEE YOU AT CLASS!!!</span></div>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; font-family: museo-sans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 23px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #1a2834; font-family: museo-sans, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 23px; max-height: 1e+06px; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-48007384852751443912018-09-21T09:11:00.001-07:002018-09-21T09:11:43.685-07:00TAXONOMY<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This week we will work on Taxonomy general aspects, definitions and nomenclature.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Bring squared paper, scissor and glue.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here it is the ppt presentation for the class.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1FqBlqiFQP496cAeExK_Qny70KU6t3kyB/view?usp=sharing">PPT ON TAXONOMY</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And here the worksheets, you can print this in pairs.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/19NwBkE0teciLl3fpWwWBL-eQhOxsaWke/view?usp=sharing">cutouts for chromosome comparison</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PtttDPEEj9itpHtXNgcaos1GH06rL4gI/view?usp=sharing">Worksheet for chromosome comparison</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Watch this video at home</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F38BmgPcZ_I" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">See you at class!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-28472646652633251792018-09-09T05:25:00.000-07:002018-09-09T05:25:55.185-07:00EVOLUTIONARY HISTORYHi guys:<br />
<br />
This week we will connect the evolution theory to the biological and geographical events that produce different types of life, all along the earth´s history with life living in.<br />
<br />
First print the worksheet in the following link and bring it to class.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zSKu0C-S8zNT9V8cBBsl8F2py-Qoc6p9/view?usp=sharing">https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zSKu0C-S8zNT9V8cBBsl8F2py-Qoc6p9/view?usp=sharing</a><br />
<br />
Second, watch this video and take notes in your notebook to get extra points<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/92oHNd8vFwo" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<img alt="Imagen relacionada" src="https://imgc.allpostersimages.com/img/print/posters/description-of-the-geological-ages-of-the-earth-with-the-climate-flora-and-fauna-of-each-one_a-G-14372305-9761616.jpg?w=671&h=894" /><br />
<br />
See you at class!!!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-34789877883643850922018-08-24T09:16:00.001-07:002018-08-24T09:16:22.896-07:00CLADOGRAMS AND PHYLOGENYHi students, welcome to the Third Term.<br />
<br />
This first week we will work on classification aspects related to the evolution of the different characteristics that belong to an specific group.<br />
<br />
Print this worksheet individually and bring it to the first class of the second week.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/n77983ofjo8dfh7/lab%203%20-%20cladogram%20activity.doc?dl=0">Worksheet on cladograms</a><br />
<br />
Watch this video, we will have a short quiz about it, to get extra points<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F38BmgPcZ_I" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
See you at class!!!!Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-8812594709310355332018-08-05T10:12:00.001-07:002018-08-05T10:12:04.586-07:00NATURAL SELECTION AND TYPES OF EVOLUTION<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hi Guys:</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This week we will work on Natural selection concepts and types of Evolution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">So please, print the following worksheet.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1K0B_TlCH0I9m9m6SvAqSRst7S1muCoyt/view?usp=sharing">Types of Evlolution worksheet</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Watch the video and take notes or write questions about what you didn´t understand</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aTftyFboC_M" width="560"></iframe>
</span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And read this nformation, take note in your notebook to get extrapoints</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="pg-version3" style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="interior-header center" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h4 class="header3" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; float: none; line-height: 1; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Types of Evolution</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Evolution over time can follow several different patterns. Factors such as environment and predation pressures can have different effects on the ways in which species exposed to them evolve. shows the three main types of evolution: divergent, convergent, and parallel evolution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Figure%: Types of evolution; a)divergent, b)convergent, and c)parallel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Divergent Evolution</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">When people hear the word "evolution," they most commonly think of divergent evolution, the evolutionary pattern in which two species gradually become increasingly different. This type of evolution often occurs when closely related species diversify to new habitats. On a large scale, divergent evolution is responsible for the creation of the current diversity of life on earth from the first living cells. On a smaller scale, it is responsible for the evolution of humans and apes from a common primate ancestor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Convergent Evolution</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Convergent evolution causes difficulties in fields of study such as <a href="http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/evolution/evidence/section3.rhtml#comparative" style="background: 0px 0px; color: #007cb3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">comparative anatomy</a>. Convergent evolution takes place when species of different ancestry begin to share analogous traits because of a shared environment or other selection pressure. For example, whales and fish have some similar characteristics since both had to evolve methods of moving through the same medium: water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Parallel Evolution</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Parallel evolution occurs when two species evolve independently of each other, maintaining the same level of similarity. Parallel evolution usually occurs between unrelated species that do not occupy the same or similar niches in a given habitat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Problems >> </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>On his voyage with the <i style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Beagle,</i> Charles Darwin carefully studied several species of finches. He found that many had come from a single species, but they had adapted to their environment by choosing different food sources and developing radically different beak designs to match their choice of food. What pattern of evolution did the finches show?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The finches showed divergent evolution. As time passed, the different species adapted to their own lifestyles and became more and more different from the other closely related species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>Many species of owls hunt only at night. These winged predators have evolved extremely sensitive hearing to help track insects and other prey. Another night hunting winged predator, the bat also has extremely sensitive hearing to track prey in the dark. What pattern of evolution does this show?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This is an example of convergent evolution. Owls (birds) and bats (mammals) are not closely related, but both have evolved similar traits (flight and good hearing) to help them fill the same role as night hunters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>Imagine two types of ancient forest animals: a goat-like grazing animal and a small ground-dwelling rodent that lives on insect prey. At the same time, these two animals leave the forest and begin living in grassy plains. The rodent evolves large powerful claws for digging burrows to hide in, while the grazer develops long legs for running from predators. What type of evolution does this show?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This is an example of parallel evolution. The two animals were fairly dissimilar to begin with. They filled different roles in the forest environment. When they moved to the plains, both animals evolved to adapt to the new environment, but they did not become any more or less similar to each other.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>What difficulty does convergent evolution pose for evolutionary biologists?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">The major difficulty involved with convergent evolution is the formation of analogous structures. These structures may appear similar and perform similar functions, making it seem that two species are closely related. However, analogous structures develop from different ancestral structures and do not indicate close relationships.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Coevolution </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Just as <a href="http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/donne/" style="background: 0px 0px; color: #007cb3; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">no man is an island</a>, neither is any bird, insect, plant, or mammal. Many species live in close relationships with others, affecting each others ways of life. It seems logical to think that species that live closely with each other might evolve in adaptation to each other. This logic is extremely difficult to prove, since it requires direct proof of evolution in not one but two species. However, there is ample evidence to suggest that coevolution does take place.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Coadaptation</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In order to live in symbiotic or parasitic relationship, species must be adapted to each other. For example, cattle harbor bacteria in their stomachs that help them break down plant material. To live like this, the immune system of the cattle must be adapted to not kill these useful bacteria and the bacteria themselves must be adapted to live in the harsh environment of the cow's stomach. If a population of cattle moved to a new location where radically new plant material was available, they might adapt to eating this new food source. The bacteria, in turn, might then undergo adaption of their own digestive mechanisms to the new plant material. This would be an example of coadaptation. Most biologists accept coevolution on the basis of coadaptation if there is no overwhelming evidence to the contrary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Coevolutionary Arms Races</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">In parasitic relationships, the prey species often evolves mechanisms to defend itself against the parasite. However, the parasite may also evolve to evade these new mechanisms. This back-and-forth evolution of defense and offense, often called a coevolutionary arms race, can often result in a rapid burst of evolutionary change in both species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Problems</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>Describe a coevolutionary arms race.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">A coevolutionary arms race takes place in a predator-prey relationship when the prey evolves a new defense or the predator evolves a new offense. Each species will evolve a new trait to give them an advantage over the other. When this process occurs with several new adaptations over a short period of time, it is known as a coevolutionary arms race.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>Why is coevolution difficult to prove?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Coevolution is difficult to prove because it requires direct evidence of not one but two species evolving together.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>What do most biologists accept as evidence for coevolution?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Most biologists will accept coadaptation as proof of coevolution in the absence of evidence to the contrary.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Problem : </b>What might be another explanation of coadaptation?</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Coadaptation may arise from coevolution, the development of traits in two species in direct relation to each other. However, coadaptation may also occur as a result of two species developing traits independently of each other that then happen to make the species well adapted to each other.</span></div>
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<span class="prevPage3" style="background: 0px 0px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: initial;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Taken from:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">SparkNotes Editors. (n.d.). SparkNote on Patterns of Evolution. Retrieved August 5, 2018, from http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/evolution/patternsofevolution/</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Punctuated equilibrium</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Punctuated equilibrium is an important but often-misinterpreted model of how evolutionary change happens. Punctuated equilibrium does <i>not</i>:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Suggest that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is wrong.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Mean that the central conclusion of evolutionary theory, that life is old and organisms share a common ancestor, no longer holds.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Negate previous work on how evolution by natural selection works.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Imply that evolution <i>only</i> happens in rapid bursts.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Punctuated equilibrium predicts that a lot of evolutionary change takes place in short periods of time tied to speciation events. Here's an example of how the model works:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Stasis:</b> A population of mollusks is experiencing stasis, living, dying, and getting fossilized every few hundred thousand years. Little observable evolution seems to be occurring judging from these fossils.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="A population of mollusks is experiencing stasis" height="200" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails1.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="420" /></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Isolation:</b> A drop in sea level forms a lake and isolates a small number of mollusks from the rest of the population.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="A small portion of the population is cut off from the rest" height="200" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails2.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="420" /></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Strong selection and rapid change:</b> The small, isolated population experiences strong selection and rapid change because of the novel environment and small population size: The environment in the newly formed lake exerts new selection pressures on the isolated mollusks. Also, their small population size means that genetic drift influences their evolution. The isolated population undergoes rapid evolutionary change. This is based on the model of peripatric speciation.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="The small, isolated population experiences strong selection and rapid change" height="139" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails3.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="415" /></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>No preservation:</b> No fossils representing transitional forms are preserved because of their relatively small population size, the rapid pace of change, and their isolated location.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="The small, isolated population undergoes rapid change" height="200" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails4.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="420" /></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Reintroduction:</b> Sea levels rise, reuniting the isolated mollusks with their sister lineage.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="The small population is reintroduced to the rest of the population" height="200" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails5.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="420" /></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Expansion and stasis:</b> The isolated population expands into its past range. Larger population size and a stable environment make evolutionary change less likely. The formerly isolated branch of the mollusk lineage may out-compete their ancestral population, causing it to go extinct.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="The formerly isolated population out-competes the ancestral population" height="200" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails6.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="420" /></span></div>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><b>Preservation:</b> Larger population size and a larger range move us back to step 1: stasis with occasional fossil preservation.</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="The population returns to stasis" height="200" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails7.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="420" /></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This process would produce the following pattern in the fossil record:</span><br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 397px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="caption" width="397"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="Here evolution happens in a sharp jump" height="213" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/punctuated_snails8.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="397" /><br /><img alt="" height="5" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/dot_clear.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="1" /><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Evolution appears to happen in sharp jumps associated with speciation events.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We observe similar patterns in the fossil records of many organisms. For example, the fossil records of certain foraminiferans (single-celled protists with shells) are consistent with a punctuated pattern.</span><br />
<div align="center">
</div>
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 354px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="caption" valign="top" width="105"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /><img alt="Scanning electron micrograph of a foraminiferan" height="131" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/foram_photo.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="105" /><br />Scanning electron micrograph of a foraminiferan</span></td><td width="40"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img height="1" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/dot_clear.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="40" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="209"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img alt="Foraminiferan age vs. shell size" height="204" src="https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/evo/foram_graph.gif" style="vertical-align: bottom;" width="209" /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Howev</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-668189387222082132018-07-30T11:02:00.001-07:002018-07-30T11:02:46.065-07:00evidences of evolutionHi guys:<br />
<br />
This week we will work on evidences of evolution<br />
<br />
Print this worksheet to use it in class.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-EoRseIFS9BbU9OMFNOTzc4M3M/view?usp=sharing">EVOLUTION EVIDENCES WORKSHEET</a><br />
<br />
And watch the videos and summarize the in your notebooks to get extra points<br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lIEoO5KdPvg" width="560"></iframe>
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/P3GagfbA2vo" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
See you at class!!!!Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-87228355172297361022018-07-09T14:01:00.001-07:002018-07-09T14:01:19.000-07:00EVOLUTION THEORIES<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This first week after the vacation time, we will study Theories that explain the evolution of organisms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">We will use 1/2 sheet (pliego) of white card board, markers and your notes (taken from the readings below).</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This video is for you to open your mind!!!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Please watch it, we will discus some concepts which are descried here!!!</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9sjwlxQ_6LI" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here the previous reading where you are going to find information about evolution explanations, so I let you here again.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nIWyu7p5MF75U8FW1OOh1xxTlzPnWBSd/view?usp=sharing">EVOLUTION READING</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And finally, one link about Evolution theories, you will use to develop the exercise of this week.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/4-main-theories-of-evolution-explained-with-diagram-and-tables-biology/27220</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">See you at class!!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-14374229598977735552018-06-12T07:49:00.000-07:002018-06-13T07:14:47.986-07:00VIRAL DISEASES<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here you have a short description of viral diseases.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img src="http://slideplayer.com/slide/6888845/23/images/71/VIRAL+DISEASES.jpg" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/e9YclUmsSWM" width="560"></iframe><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Read the following article about Origin of Life page 1 to 16, and take notes in your notebook.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">http://nptel.ac.in/courses/122103039/pdf/mod2.pdf</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bring a 1/8 of white card board to design a Brochure about this topic.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Watch this video that will help to you, to understand more...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NJQ4r81DZtY" width="560"></iframe>
</span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">See you at class!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-26240075828258235562018-05-22T05:34:00.002-07:002018-05-22T16:37:29.558-07:00LAB ON MICROBIOLOGY<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi students:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This week we will be working in a Virtual Lab related to the bacteria and substances that affect their growth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para antibiotics mechanisms of action" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antibioticsusceptibilityofmulti-drugresistantnosocomialbacteriapart1-140706185343-phpapp01/95/antibiotic-susceptibility-of-multidrugresistant-nosocomial-bacteria-acinetobacter-baumannii-4-638.jpg?cb=1404672917" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In the following link you will find the new Lab Report Template. It will be presented as an article.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Read it and ask me questions if you don´t understand something...</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/1csrldqgh3vfd27/LAB%20REPORT%20GUIDELINES%202018.docx?dl=0">LAB REPORT TEMPLATE</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And here, the link, for the Vrtual Lab.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_labs/LS08/LS08.html">VIRTUAL LAB ON MICROBIOLOGY</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Finally, in this link you will find information about antibiotics</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/antibiotic">ANTIBIOTICS DESCRIPTIONS</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bring an USB device to store the file started during the class, and complete it at home at home, if it´s necessary</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">See you at class!!!</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-14196365161388047802018-05-08T16:28:00.001-07:002018-05-09T07:51:43.568-07:00WELCOME TO THE SECOND TERM - MICROBIOLOGY<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi Students:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Welcome to the Second Term.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This week we will start with some general concepts related to Microbiology.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Print the worksheet in the school's copy office and bring it to the classroom.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here it is the power Point Presentation I will use in class to explain the concepts.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/tq8yeghmp7ss17g/viruses_bacteria_and_fungi.ppt?dl=0">POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON VIRUSES AND PROKARYOTES</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here a general description of this Science area.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Microbiology (from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" style="background: none;" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek</a> <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text" xml:lang="grc">μῑκρος</span>, <i>mīkros</i>, "small"; <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text" xml:lang="grc">βίος</span>, <i>bios</i>, "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" style="background: none;" title="Life">life</a>"; and <span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek language text" xml:lang="grc">-λογία</span>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logy" style="background: none;" title="-logy">-logia</a></i>) is the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism" style="background: none;" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, those being <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular" style="background: none;" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a>(single cell), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular" style="background: none;" title="Multicellular">multicellular</a> (cell colony), or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acellular" style="background: none;" title="Acellular">acellular</a> (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology" style="background: none;" title="Virology">virology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology" style="background: none;" title="Parasitology">parasitology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology" style="background: none;" title="Mycology">mycology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology" style="background: none;" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" style="background: none;" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotic</a> microorganisms possess membrane-bound cell <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organelles" style="background: none;" title="Organelles">organelles</a> and include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" style="background: none;" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protists" style="background: none;" title="Protists">protists</a>, whereas <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote" style="background: none;" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic</a> organisms—all of which are microorganisms—are conventionally classified as lacking membrane-bound organelles and include <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" style="background: none;" title="Eubacteria">eubacteria</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaebacteria" style="background: none;" title="Archaebacteria">archaebacteria</a>. Microbiologists traditionally relied on culture, staining, and microscopy. However, less than 1% of the microorganisms present in common environments can be cultured in isolation using current means. Microbiologists often rely on molecular biology tools such as DNA sequence based identification.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus" style="background: none;" title="Virus">Viruses</a> have been variably classified as organisms, as they have been considered either as very simple microorganisms or very complex molecules. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prions" style="background: none;" title="Prions">Prions</a>, never considered as microorganisms, have been investigated by virologists, however, as the clinical effects traced to them were originally presumed due to chronic viral infections, and virologists took search—discovering "infectious proteins".</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The existence of microorganisms was predicted many centuries before they were first observed, for example by the Jains in India and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" style="background: none;" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> in ancient Rome. The first recorded microscope observation was of the fruiting bodies of moulds, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" style="background: none;" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> in 1666, but the Jesuit priest <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" style="background: none;" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> was likely the first to see microbes, which he mentioned observing in milk and putrid material in 1658. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" style="background: none;" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> is considered a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_considered_father_or_mother_of_a_scientific_field" style="background: none;" title="List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field">father of microbiology</a> as he observed and experimented with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_organisms" style="background: none;" title="Microscopic organisms">microscopic organisms</a> in 1676, using simple <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope" style="background: none;" title="Microscope">microscopes</a> of his own design. Scientific microbiology developed in the 19th century through the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" style="background: none;" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> and in medical microbiology <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" style="background: none;" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: lime; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Watch these videos and take notes in your notebook, to get extra points.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VVuYGkk_I8s" style="background-color: transparent;" width="560"></iframe><span style="background-color: transparent;">
</span><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/B1CFVuQVG2U" style="background-color: transparent;" width="560"></iframe><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0TdQeTM0xec" style="background-color: transparent;" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
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See you at class!!!Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-13358984087399886782018-04-14T10:00:00.003-07:002018-04-14T10:00:47.533-07:00IMMUNE SYSTEM<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">HI guys:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This week we will define and contrast different aspects of the Immune system.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">I'll let you copies in the school of the worksheet. (Photocopies' office)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Here´s the image of the Immune system cell's you have to work with in the Dictionary.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLXVvoLnh86dVqi6FNAn_W6Devew8MB-QZ_dwkOhbRhqgqEYer_jw1Z0lozBWy1UA9z3bZ814_lJ-QNWqHNKYwjHkAADK2CBmxc_Jhly6DXxEIVvFp_hL7dMz8nEhR4fsuqemVmAYPhlj0/s1600/Immunity+Innate+%2526+Adaptive+Slide.jpg" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Use the following link to open AND CHECK the class the power point presentation we are using at class!!!</span><br />
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<a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LqF82FDM5ngs8gCkMfL4wcSdlHWh9g4E/view?usp=sharing"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">PPT ON IMMUNE SYSTEM</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And some videos you can use to understand better the Immune system functions</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PSRJfaAYkW4" width="560"></iframe>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">See you at class!!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-31321372293727679242018-04-02T07:31:00.003-07:002018-04-02T07:41:08.776-07:00GENETIC DISORDERS<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi students:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This week yo will design an oral presentation about Genetic disorders. So please, read the following information and follow the class instructions to make it.</span><br />
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<li style="line-height: normal; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; width: calc(100% - 5px);"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><u>What is a genetic disease? How is it defined?</u></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> A genetic disease is any disease that is caused by an abnormality in an individual's genome, the person's entire genetic makeup. The abnormality can range from minuscule to major -- from a discrete mutation in a single base in the DNA of a single gene to a gross chromosome abnormality involving the addition or subtraction of an entire chromosome or set of chromosomes. Some genetic disorders are inherited from the parents, while other genetic diseases are caused by acquired changes or mutations in a preexisting gene or group of genes. Mutations can occur either randomly or due to some environmental exposure.</span></div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">What are the types of genetic inheritance?</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There are a number of different types of genetic inheritance including:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Single gene inheritance</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Multifactorial inheritance</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Chromosome abnormalities</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mitochondrial inheritance</span></li>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Single gene genetic inheritance</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Single gene inheritance, also called Mendelian or monogenetic inheritance. This type of inheritance is caused by changes or mutations that occur in the DNA sequence of a single gene. There are more than 6,000 known single-gene disorders, which occur in about 1 out of every 200 births. These disorders are known as monogenetic disorders (disorders of a single gene).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Some examples of monogenetic disorders include:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cystic_fibrosis/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">cystic fibrosis</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/sickle_cell/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">sickle cell anemia</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/marfan_syndrome/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Marfan syndrome</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Huntington's disease, and</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/iron_overload/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">hemochromatosis</a>.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Single-gene disorders are inherited in recognizable patterns: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.<span id="cntid"></span></span></div>
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<a class="bookmark" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="multifactorial_genetic_inheritance" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; position: relative; top: -120px;"></a></div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Multifactorial genetic inheritance</span></span></h3>
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<li style="border: none; float: left; line-height: 27.75px; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span class="icon-bubbles" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1; padding-right: 3px; speak: none; vertical-align: middle;"></span> Multifactorial inheritance, which is also called complex or polygenic inheritance. Multifactorial inheritance disorders are caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes. For example, different genes that influence <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/breast_cancer_facts_stages/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">breast cancer</a> susceptibility have been found on chromosomes 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, and 22. Some common chronic diseases are multifactorial disorders.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Examples of multifactorial inheritance include:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_coronary_artery_disease/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">heart disease</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/high_blood_pressure_hypertension/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">high blood pressure</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Alzheimer's disease,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/arthritis/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">arthritis</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">diabetes</a>,</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/cancer/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">cancer</a>, and</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/obesity_weight_loss/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">obesity</a>.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Multifactorial inheritance also is associated with heritable traits such as fingerprint patterns, height, eye color, and skin color.</span></div>
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<span itemprop="alternativeHeadline"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><u>Chromosome abnormalities</u></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Chromosomes, distinct structures made up of DNA and protein, are located in the nucleus of each cell. Because chromosomes are the carriers of the genetic material, abnormalities in chromosome number or structure can result in disease. Abnormalities in chromosomes typically occur due to a problem with cell division.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">For example, <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/down_syndrome_overview/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Down syndrome</a> (sometimes referred to as "Down's syndrome") or <a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/down_syndrome_overview/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">trisomy 21</a> is a common disorder that occurs when a person has three copies of chromosome 21. There are many other chromosome abnormalities including:</span></div>
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<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/turner_syndrome/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Turner syndrome</a> (45,X0),</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.medicinenet.com/klinefelter_syndrome/article.htm" rel="dt" style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">Klinefelter syndrome</a> (47, XXY), and</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 31.45px; padding: 8px 30px 8px 0px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cri du chat syndrome, or the "cry of the cat" syndrome (46, XX or XY, 5p-).</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Diseases may also occur because of chromosomal translocation in which portions of two chromosomes are exchanged.<span id="cntid"></span></span></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Most_common_disorders"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Most common disorders</span></span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Point mutation">Point mutation</a>, or any insertion/deletion entirely inside one <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gene">gene</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">D – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deletion (genetics)">Deletion</a> of a gene or genes</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">C – Whole chromosome extra, missing, or both (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chromosome abnormality">Chromosome abnormality</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">T – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trinucleotide repeat disorder">Trinucleotide repeat disorders</a>: gene is extended in length</span></li>
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<tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC"><th><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Disorder</span></th><th><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Chromosome</span></th><th><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Mutation</span></th></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22q11.2_deletion_syndrome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="22q11.2 deletion syndrome"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">22q11.2 deletion syndrome</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">22q</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">D</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angelman syndrome"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Angelman syndrome</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">15</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DCP</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavan_disease" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Canavan disease"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Canavan disease</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">17p</span></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</span></a></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Color blindness"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Color blindness</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">X</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chat" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cri du chat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cri du chat</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">5</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">D</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cystic fibrosis"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Cystic fibrosis</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">7q</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Down syndrome"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Down syndrome</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">21</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">C</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchenne_muscular_dystrophy" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Duchenne muscular dystrophy"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Xp</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">D</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Familial hypercholesterolemia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Familial Hypercholesterolemia</span></a></td><td></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFE_hereditary_haemochromatosis" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="HFE hereditary haemochromatosis"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Haemochromatosis</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">6</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haemophilia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Haemophilia</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">X</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Klinefelter syndrome"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Klinefelter syndrome</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">X</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">C</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurofibromatosis"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Neurofibromatosis</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">17q/22q/?</span></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phenylketonuria"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Phenylketonuria</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">12q</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polycystic kidney disease"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Polycystic kidney disease</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chromosome 16">16</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKD1" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PKD1">PKD1</a>) or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chromosome 4">4</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKD2" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PKD2">PKD2</a>)</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prader–Willi syndrome"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Prader–Willi syndrome</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">15</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DCP</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sickle-cell disease"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Sickle-cell disease</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">11p</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spinal muscular atrophy"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Spinal muscular atrophy</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">5q</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DP</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs_disease" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tay–Sachs disease"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tay–Sachs disease</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">15</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">P</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome" style="background: none; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turner syndrome"><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Turner syndrome</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">X</span></td><td><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">C</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">See you at class!!!</span></div>
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Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-77242155089157937872018-03-17T07:36:00.002-07:002018-04-02T06:49:23.162-07:00GENETIC VARIABILITY, MUTATIONS AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi Guys:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Use the following information to check the basis for writing an essay, which is our next exercise.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Writing Your Essay</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Write a first draft</span></h2>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Your first draft will help you work out:</span></div>
<ul style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">the structure and framework of your essay</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">how you will <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://student.unsw.edu.au/node/187" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #00568e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">answer the question</a></strong></span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">which evidence and examples you will use</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">how your argument will be logically structured.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Your first draft will not be your final essay; think of it as raw material you will refine through <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://student.unsw.edu.au/node/178" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #00568e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">editing and redrafting</a></strong>. Once you have a draft, you can work on writing well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Structure</span></h2>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Structure your essay in the most effective way to communicate your ideas and answer the question.</span></div>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">All essays should include the following structure</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="788" src="https://student.unsw.edu.au/sites/all/files/uploads/essayStructure.png" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Essay paragraphs</span></h2>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A paragraph is a related group of sentences that develops one main idea. Each paragraph in the body of the essay should contain:</span></div>
<ul style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">topic sentence</strong> that states the main or controlling idea</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Supporting sentences</strong> to explain and develop the point you’re making</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Evidence.</strong> Most of the time, your point should be supported by some form of evidence from your reading, or by an example drawn from the subject area.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Analysis.</strong> Don’t just leave the evidence hanging there - analyse and interpret it! Comment on the implication/significance/impact and finish off the paragraph with a critical conclusion you have drawn from the evidence.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">a <strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">concluding sentence</strong> that restates your point, analyses the evidence or acts as a transition to the next paragraph.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Tips for effective writing</span></span></div>
<ul style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Start writing early - the earlier the better.</strong> Starting cuts down on anxiety, beats procrastination, and gives you time to develop your ideas.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keep the essay question in mind.</strong> Don’t lose track of the question or task. Keep a copy in front of you as you draft and edit and work out your argument.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Don’t try to write an essay from beginning to end</strong> (especially not in a single sitting). Begin with what you are ready to write - a plan, a few sentences or bullet points. Start with the body and work paragraph by paragraph.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Write the introduction and conclusion after the body.</strong> Once you know what your essay is about, then write the introduction and conclusion.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Use 'signpost' words in your writing.</strong> Transition signals can help the reader follow the order and flow of your ideas.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Integrate your evidence carefully.</strong> Introduce quotations and paraphrases with introductory phrases.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Revise your first draft extensively.</strong> Make sure the entire essay flows and that the paragraphs are in a logical order.</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Put the essay aside for a few days.</strong> This allows you to consider your essay and edit it with a fresh eye.</span></li>
</ul>
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<h1 class="title" id="main-heading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: black; line-height: 36px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 20px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Paraphrasing, Summarising and Quoting</span></h1>
<div class="region clearfix" id="main-content" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 10px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px 20px 0px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div about="/paraphrasing-summarising-and-quoting" class="node node-page clearfix" id="node-206" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document">
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Much of the work you produce at university will involve the important ideas, writings and discoveries of experts in your field of study. The work of other writers can provide you with information, evidence and ideas, but must be incorporated into your work carefully. Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising are all different ways of including the works of others in your assignments.</span></div>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Your lecturers expect you to demonstrate an understanding of the major ideas/concepts in the discipline. Paraphrasing and summarising allow you to develop and demonstrate your understanding and interpretation of a text and to <a href="https://student.unsw.edu.au/node/169" style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #00568e; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">avoid plagiarism.</a></span></div>
<div style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">They are important tools for reshaping information to suit the many varied university writing tasks. They require analytical and writing skills which are crucial to success at university.</span></div>
<h2 style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: black; line-height: 30px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">What are the differences?</span></h2>
<h4 style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Paraphrasing</span></h4>
<ul style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">does not match the source word for word</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">involves putting a passage from a source into your own words</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">changes the words or phrasing of a passage, but retains and fully communicates the original meaning</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">must</strong> be attributed to the original source</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; line-height: 18px; margin: 20px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Summarising</span></h4>
<ul style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">does not match the source word for word</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, but including only the main point(s)</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">presents a broad overview, so is usually much shorter than the original text</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">must</strong> be attributed to the original source</span></li>
</ul>
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<strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Quotations</span></strong></h4>
<ul style="background: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; list-style: square; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">match the source word for word</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">are usually a brief segment of the text</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">appear between quotation marks</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">must</strong> be attributed to the original source</span></li>
<li style="background: transparent; border: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 25px; padding: 0px 0px 7px; vertical-align: baseline;"><header aria-controls="uob-expandable-area-1" aria-pressed="true" class="accordion__head" role="button" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #f0f0f0; box-sizing: inherit; color: #006892; cursor: pointer; padding: 0.75em 1.5em 0.75em 0.75em; position: relative;" tabindex="0"><h2 class="accordion__title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; margin: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Example of a reference list</span><i class="accordion__control icon--minimise-dark" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml; background-position: right top; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: contain; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 1.5em; margin-top: -0.75em; position: absolute; right: 1em; top: 24.5px; width: 1.5em;"></i></h2>
</header><div aria-expanded="true" class="accordion__body" id="uob-expandable-area-1" role="region" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-style: solid; border-width: 0px 2px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #4c4c4c; padding: 1.5em;">
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Banerjee, A. and Watson, T.F. (2011) <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Pickard’s manual of operative dentistry. </i>9th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </span></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; max-width: 50em;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Davidson, A. (2013) ‘The Saudi Marathon Man’, <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">The New Yorker, </i>16 April. Available at: http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-saudi-marathon-man (Accessed: 22 June 2015).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And use this articles to understand the topic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">http://faculty.evansville.edu/de3/b10004/PDFs/13b_Sources_variation.pdf</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">http://www.uwyo.edu/bio1000skh/lecture35.htm</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">You can look for more information if you consider as necessary</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">See you at class!!</span></div>
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Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-68714768962663525492018-03-11T08:59:00.002-07:002018-03-11T08:59:28.760-07:00SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND GENETIC VARIABILITY<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Hi students:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">This week we will work in understanding the concepts related to the sexual reproduction and how this type lead to the genetic variation that produces new species.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">First of all watch this video and take some notes, this will be used as a support for a short quiz during the classes of this week.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9fOfFlMe6ek" width="560"></iframe><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Secondly, watch this video about the importance of sexual reproduction in organisms.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DbEMrFdzPhg" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">And finally, bring one exam paper.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">See you at class!!!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-86732627525529204612018-03-04T12:57:00.000-08:002018-03-04T12:57:57.597-08:00GEL ELECTROPHORESIS VIRTUAL LAB<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This week we will work in a Virtual Lab related to Gel Electrophoresis.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">First it is important to check what are the parts of the Lab Report, so here you have a template to remember each one.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h1 style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lab Report Template</span></h1>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong>Title</strong>: * a brief, concise, yet descriptive title</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<div class="exampletext" style="color: #700fa2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example: "Types of Invertebrates Found in Pond Water"</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong>Introduction: </strong>(State the problem or question to be answered)</span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">* What question(s) are you trying to answer?<br />* Not all experiments start with a question, some start with an observation and questions develop from further observations<br />* Include any preliminary observations or background information about the subject</span><br />
<div class="exampletext" style="color: #700fa2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example: How many different types of insects are found in pond water? Does the location of the pond change the types of insects that live there? Does water quality affect the number of organisms?</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="Adbox600" style="background-color: white; float: right; height: 600px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 8px; width: 300px;">
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</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hypothesis:</span></strong></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">* Write a possible solution for the problem or an explanation for the observation<br />* Make sure this possible solution is a complete sentence.<br />* Make sure the statement is testable, an if-then statement is recommended to illustrate what criteria will support your hypothesis (and what data would not support the hypothesis).<br />* Identify the manipulated (independent) variable and the responding (dependent) variable.</span><br />
<div class="exampletext" style="color: #700fa2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example: Ponds located near populated areas will have less organisms than ponds found in isolated areas. The manipulated variable is the pond location, the responding variable is the number of organisms.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Materials:</span></strong></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">* Make a list of ALL items used in the lab. Draw the to be sure you recognize each of them. Alternatively, materials can be included as part of the procedure.</span><br />
<div class="exampletext" style="color: #700fa2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example: Pond water, strainers, microscopes, field guides, petri dishes</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Procedure:</span></strong></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">* Write a paragraph (complete sentences) which explains what you did in the lab as a short summary.<br />* You may choose to add details (step-by-step) of your procedure in such a way that anyone else could repeat the experiment.</span><br />
<div class="exampletext" style="color: #700fa2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Example: Water was sampled from each pond and examined under the microscope. A field guide was used to identify the types of organisms found and estimations of numbers were recorded.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Data:</span></strong></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">* This section should include any data tables, observations, or observations<br />* You may attach a separate sheet(s) if necessary.<br />* All tables, graphs and charts should be labeled appropriately (X and Y axis)</span></blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Conclusions:</span></strong></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">* Accept or reject your hypothesis.<br />* EXPLAIN why you accepted or rejected your hypothesis using data from the lab.<br />* Include a summary of the data - averages, highest, lowest..etc to help the reader understand your results. Try not to copy your data here, you should summarize and reference KEY information.<br />* List one thing you learned and describe how it applies to a real-life situation.<br />*Discuss possible errors that could have occurred in the collection of the data (experimental errors) and suggest ways the experiment could be improved.</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">After this please open , READ and print the worksheet in the following link.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-EoRseIFS9BYzRjLVEyU1NRa0U/view?usp=sharing">WORKSHEET ON LAB ON ELECTROPHORESIS</a> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Later, enter into the Virtual Lab </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/">VIRTUAL LAB LINK</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Finally, this information taken from: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-sequencing-pcr-electrophoresis/a/gel-electrophoresis</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">will help you to understand the characteristics and uses of this procedure.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<h1 class="title_1wjczhu" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(33, 36, 44) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 37px !important; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px; position: relative !important; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gel electrophoresis</span></h1>
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<div class="description_1sor2ai" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(33, 36, 44) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 23px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A technique used to separate DNA fragments and other macromolecules by size and charge.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Key points:</span></h2>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<ul style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; list-style: none; margin: -11px 0px 22px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 35px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gel electrophoresis</strong> is a technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DNA samples are loaded into wells (indentations) at one end of a gel, and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode. Because all DNA fragments have the same amount of charge per mass, small fragments move through the gel faster than large ones.</span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: disc; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When a gel is stained with a DNA-binding dye, the DNA fragments can be seen as <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bands</strong>, each representing a group of same-sized DNA fragments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Introduction</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Suppose you have just done a <a class="link_1uvuyao-o_O-science_u27x9g" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-sequencing-pcr-electrophoresis/a/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(107, 2, 53) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;">PCR reaction</a>, making many copies of a target DNA region. Or perhaps you’ve done some <a class="link_1uvuyao-o_O-science_u27x9g" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/a/overview-dna-cloning" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(107, 2, 53) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none !important; vertical-align: baseline;">DNA cloning</a>, trying to "paste" a gene into a circular DNA plasmid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Now, you want to check and see whether your PCR worked, or whether your plasmid has the right gene in it. What technique can you use to visualize (directly observe) the fragments of DNA?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gel electrophoresis</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gel electrophoresis</strong> is a technique used to separate DNA fragments (or other macromolecules, such as RNA and proteins) based on their size and charge. Electrophoresis involves running a current through a gel containing the molecules of interest. Based on their size and charge, the molecules will travel through the gel in different directions or at different speeds, allowing them to be separated from one another. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a class="link_1uvuyao-o_O-science_u27x9g explanationLink_1oafr3h" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(107, 2, 53) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic !important; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1 !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[Where does the name "electrophoresis" come from?]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">All DNA molecules have the same amount of charge per mass. Because of this, gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments separates them based on size only. Using electrophoresis, we can see how many different DNA fragments are present in a sample and how large they are relative to one another. We can also determine the absolute size of a piece of DNA by examining it next to a standard "yardstick" made up of DNA fragments of known sizes. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a class="link_1uvuyao-o_O-science_u27x9g explanationLink_1oafr3h" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(107, 2, 53) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic !important; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1 !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[More info]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">What is a gel?</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As the name suggests, gel electrophoresis involves a gel: a slab of Jello-like material. Gels for DNA separation are often made out of a polysaccharide called <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">agarose</strong>, which comes as dry, powdered flakes. When the agarose is heated in a buffer (water with some salts in it) and allowed to cool, it will form a solid, slightly squishy gel. At the molecular level, the gel is a matrix of agarose molecules that are held together by hydrogen bonds and form tiny pores.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">At one end, the gel has pocket-like indentations called <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wells</strong>, which are where the DNA samples will be placed:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Before the DNA samples are added, the gel must be placed in a <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gel box</strong>. One end of the box is hooked to a positive electrode, while the other end is hooked to a negative electrode. The main body of the box, where the gel is placed, is filled with a salt-containing buffer solution that can conduct current. Although you may not be able to see in the image above (thanks to my amazing artistic skills), the buffer fills the gel box to a level where it just barely covers the gel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The end of the gel with the wells is positioned towards the negative electrode. The end without wells (towards which the DNA fragments will migrate) is positioned towards the positive electrode.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">How do DNA fragments move through the gel?</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Once the gel is in the box, each of the DNA samples we want to examine (for instance, each PCR reaction or each restriction-digested plasmid) is carefully transferred into one of the wells. One well is reserved for a <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">DNA ladder</strong>, a standard reference that contains DNA fragments of known lengths. Commercial DNA ladders come in different size ranges, so we would want to pick one with good "coverage" of the size range of our expected fragments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Next, the power to the gel box is turned on, and current begins to flow through the gel. The DNA molecules have a negative charge because of the phosphate groups in their sugar-phosphate backbone, so they start moving through the matrix of the gel towards the positive pole. When the power is turned on and current is passing through the gel, the gel is said to be <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">running</strong>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a class="link_1uvuyao-o_O-science_u27x9g explanationLink_1oafr3h" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(107, 2, 53) !important; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic !important; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.1 !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[What voltage is used to run a gel?]</a></span></div>
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<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">DNA samples are loaded into wells at negative electrode end of gel.</span></span></div>
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<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Power is turned on and DNA fragments migrate through gel (towards the positive electrode).</span></span></div>
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<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">After the gel has run, the fragments are separated by size. The largest fragments are near the top of the gel (negative electrode, where they began), and the smallest fragments are near the bottom (positive electrode).</span></span></div>
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<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">
</span><br />
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<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Based on similar diagram in Reece et al.<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-4" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.814108em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.814108em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="msupsub" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-t" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-table; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; table-layout: fixed; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist-r" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-row; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="vlist" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: table-cell; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.814108em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: bottom;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0.05em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: -3.063em; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="pstrut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 2.7em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 0px;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord mtight" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">start superscript, 2, end superscript</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></em></div>
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<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">As the gel runs, shorter pieces of DNA will travel through the pores of the gel matrix faster than longer ones. After the gel has run for awhile, the shortest pieces of DNA will be close to the positive end of the gel, while the longest pieces of DNA will remain near the wells. Very short pieces of DNA may have run right off the end of the gel if we left it on for too long (something I've most definitely been guilty of!).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Visualizing the DNA fragments</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Once the fragments have been separated, we can examine the gel and see what sizes of bands are found on it. When a gel is stained with a DNA-binding dye and placed under UV light, the DNA fragments will glow, allowing us to see the DNA present at different locations along the length of the gel.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span><br />
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<img src="https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/128dab77dbc85b1c82bcf5d8757a9f9c8eedd4f7.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 307.672px; left: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" /></span></div>
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<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #999999; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19px; margin: 16px auto 42px; max-width: 455px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">The <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bp</em> next to each number in the ladder indicates how many <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">base pairs</em>long the DNA fragment is.</span></div>
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<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">A well-defined “line” of DNA on a gel is called a <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">band</strong>. Each band contains a large number of DNA fragments of the same size that have all traveled as a group to the same position. A single DNA fragment (or even a small group of DNA fragments) would not be visible by itself on a gel.</span></div>
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<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">By comparing the bands in a sample to the DNA ladder, we can determine their approximate sizes. For instance, the bright band on the gel above is roughly <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-5" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">700</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7</span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-5" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">700</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> base pairs (bp) in size.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Check your understanding</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span><br />
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<img alt="" src="https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/2b33b458a5c680febde05c2491e6d1fb34a167e4.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 439.969px; left: 0px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;" /></span></div>
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"></span><br />
<div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Leftmost lane: ladder with 3000 bp, 1500 bp, and 500 bp bands marked on it.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lane 1: 5000 bp band.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lane 2: 100 bp band.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lane 3: 1500 bp and 2000 bp bands.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="4" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Lane 4: 500 bp band.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span class="perseus-sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="2" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Four lanes are numbered on the gel above. (A <strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">lane</strong> is a corridor through which DNA passes as it leaves a well.)</span></div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="3" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Which lane matches each description below?</span></strong><br />
<div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-graded-group" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 5px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 688px;">
<div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-widget-container widget-nohighlight widget-block" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.15s; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="categorizer-container " style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 20px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<table class="categorizer-table" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #21242c; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><thead style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><th style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"></th><th class="header_1er0vvm" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom !important;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph perseus-paragraph-centered" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math-inner" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -10px 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 20px 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-6" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-6" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">1</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</th><th class="header_1er0vvm" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom !important;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph perseus-paragraph-centered" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math-inner" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -10px 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 20px 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-7" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-7" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">2</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</th><th class="header_1er0vvm" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom !important;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph perseus-paragraph-centered" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math-inner" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -10px 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 20px 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-8" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">3</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3</span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-8" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">3</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</th><th class="header_1er0vvm" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 2px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom !important;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph perseus-paragraph-centered" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="perseus-block-math-inner" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -10px 0px; overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 10px 20px 10px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-9" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4</span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-9" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">4</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</th></tr>
</thead><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This lane contains the longest DNA fragment.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td class="category cell_1xu74jy" style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="perseus-interactive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 3;">
<span class="radioSpan_12gpsbj" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="1em" role="img" style="vertical-align: middle;" viewbox="0 0 100 99.944" width="1.0005603137757144em"></svg><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><path d="M50.046 8.322q-8.493 0-16.188 3.306-15.561 6.669-22.173 22.23-3.363 7.695-3.363 16.188t3.306 16.188 8.949 13.281q5.586 5.586 13.281 8.892t16.188 3.306 16.188-3.306 13.281-8.892 8.892-13.281 3.306-16.188-3.306-16.188-8.892-13.281-13.281-8.949q-7.695-3.306-16.188-3.306zm0 91.713q-13.623 0-25.137-6.726t-18.183-18.183q-6.726-11.571-6.726-25.137t6.726-25.08 18.24-18.24 25.08-6.669q13.566 0 25.08 6.726 11.514 6.669 18.24 18.183t6.726 25.137-6.726 25.137-18.24 18.126q-11.514 6.726-25.08 6.726z" fill="currentColor"></path></span></span></div>
</td><td class="category cell_1xu74jy" style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="perseus-interactive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 3;">
<span class="radioSpan_12gpsbj" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="1em" role="img" style="vertical-align: middle;" viewbox="0 0 100 99.944" width="1.0005603137757144em"></svg><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><path d="M50.046 8.322q-8.493 0-16.188 3.306-15.561 6.669-22.173 22.23-3.363 7.695-3.363 16.188t3.306 16.188 8.949 13.281q5.586 5.586 13.281 8.892t16.188 3.306 16.188-3.306 13.281-8.892 8.892-13.281 3.306-16.188-3.306-16.188-8.892-13.281-13.281-8.949q-7.695-3.306-16.188-3.306zm0 91.713q-13.623 0-25.137-6.726t-18.183-18.183q-6.726-11.571-6.726-25.137t6.726-25.08 18.24-18.24 25.08-6.669q13.566 0 25.08 6.726 11.514 6.669 18.24 18.183t6.726 25.137-6.726 25.137-18.24 18.126q-11.514 6.726-25.08 6.726z" fill="currentColor"></path></span></span></div>
</td><td class="category cell_1xu74jy" style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="perseus-interactive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 3;">
<span class="radioSpan_12gpsbj" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="1em" role="img" style="vertical-align: middle;" viewbox="0 0 100 99.944" width="1.0005603137757144em"></svg><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><path d="M50.046 8.322q-8.493 0-16.188 3.306-15.561 6.669-22.173 22.23-3.363 7.695-3.363 16.188t3.306 16.188 8.949 13.281q5.586 5.586 13.281 8.892t16.188 3.306 16.188-3.306 13.281-8.892 8.892-13.281 3.306-16.188-3.306-16.188-8.892-13.281-13.281-8.949q-7.695-3.306-16.188-3.306zm0 91.713q-13.623 0-25.137-6.726t-18.183-18.183q-6.726-11.571-6.726-25.137t6.726-25.08 18.24-18.24 25.08-6.669q13.566 0 25.08 6.726 11.514 6.669 18.24 18.183t6.726 25.137-6.726 25.137-18.24 18.126q-11.514 6.726-25.08 6.726z" fill="currentColor"></path></span></span></div>
</td><td class="category cell_1xu74jy" style="background-color: #ededed; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="perseus-interactive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 3;">
<span class="radioSpan_12gpsbj" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="1em" role="img" style="vertical-align: middle;" viewbox="0 0 100 99.944" width="1.0005603137757144em"></svg><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><path d="M50.046 8.322q-8.493 0-16.188 3.306-15.561 6.669-22.173 22.23-3.363 7.695-3.363 16.188t3.306 16.188 8.949 13.281q5.586 5.586 13.281 8.892t16.188 3.306 16.188-3.306 13.281-8.892 8.892-13.281 3.306-16.188-3.306-16.188-8.892-13.281-13.281-8.949q-7.695-3.306-16.188-3.306zm0 91.713q-13.623 0-25.137-6.726t-18.183-18.183q-6.726-11.571-6.726-25.137t6.726-25.08 18.24-18.24 25.08-6.669q13.566 0 25.08 6.726 11.514 6.669 18.24 18.183t6.726 25.137-6.726 25.137-18.24 18.126q-11.514 6.726-25.08 6.726z" fill="currentColor"></path></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="perseus-renderer perseus-renderer-responsive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" data-perseus-paragraph-index="0" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto 32px; max-width: 688px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This lane contains the shortest DNA fragment.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</td><td class="category cell_1xu74jy" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="perseus-interactive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 3;">
<span class="radioSpan_12gpsbj" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="1em" role="img" style="vertical-align: middle;" viewbox="0 0 100 99.944" width="1.0005603137757144em"></svg><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><path d="M50.046 8.322q-8.493 0-16.188 3.306-15.561 6.669-22.173 22.23-3.363 7.695-3.363 16.188t3.306 16.188 8.949 13.281q5.586 5.586 13.281 8.892t16.188 3.306 16.188-3.306 13.281-8.892 8.892-13.281 3.306-16.188-3.306-16.188-8.892-13.281-13.281-8.949q-7.695-3.306-16.188-3.306zm0 91.713q-13.623 0-25.137-6.726t-18.183-18.183q-6.726-11.571-6.726-25.137t6.726-25.08 18.24-18.24 25.08-6.669q13.566 0 25.08 6.726 11.514 6.669 18.24 18.183t6.726 25.137-6.726 25.137-18.24 18.126q-11.514 6.726-25.08 6.726z" fill="currentColor"></path></span></span></div>
</td><td class="category cell_1xu74jy" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgb(204, 204, 204) !important; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px; vertical-align: middle !important;"><div class="perseus-interactive" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; z-index: 3;">
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<div class="paragraph" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 32px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This lane contains a <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span aria-describedby="katex-10" aria-hidden="true" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="katex-mathml" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;"><math><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">1500</annotation></semantics></math></span><span aria-hidden="true" class="katex-html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="strut" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span class="strut bottom" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0.64444em; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: 0em;"></span><span class="base" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1</span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5</span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span><span class="mord" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0</span></span></span></span></span><span id="katex-10" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; line-height: inherit; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">1500</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span> base pair (bp) DNA fragment.</span></div>
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Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-71454124592506391262018-02-22T04:50:00.000-08:002018-02-23T07:23:55.976-08:00DNA TRANSLATION<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi guys:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Next week we will work on the last step of the Gene expression.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Bring one exam paper, or a 1/8 of card board, colors or markers.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Print this chart and paste it on your noteboo</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">ks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para translation dna" src="http://d2vlcm61l7u1fs.cloudfront.net/media%2Fc13%2Fc1349ba1-71b3-41d4-a9ce-2847369ba827%2FphpvCEp6E.png" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This image summarizes the steps of the DNA translation in the ribosome</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para translation dna" height="640" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Protein_synthesis.svg" width="565" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Watch this video and complete the class notes. Write questions if you have any.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5bLEDd-PSTQ" width="560"></iframe>
See you at class!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-1354053851550237772018-02-09T08:00:00.000-08:002018-02-09T08:00:15.375-08:00DNA TRANSCRIPTION<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi Students:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This week we will design an Inphographic that describes the TRANSCRIPTION of DNA, so please, watch the following video and take some notes, TO GET EXTRA POINTS!!!!!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2BwWavExcFI" width="560"></iframe><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here you have an example of an inphographic, you can use as a template to design a new one that describes the Transcription procces.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para replication infographic" src="http://room233.wikispaces.com/file/view/nicoledd34.png/299700024/566x522/nicoledd34.png" height="583" width="640" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Finally I will explain the fisrt part of the project during this week, where you will design a science podcast.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here you have one example.... fron Mr. Bozeman</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h3b9ArupXZg" width="560"></iframe></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">See you at class!!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1988163075413807749.post-10863079162909975662018-02-02T06:33:00.002-08:002018-02-03T10:23:10.959-08:00DNA vs. RNA<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hi Students:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Welcome back to school!!!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This Week we worked checking the structure of DNA and RNA.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here you have one diagram that shows the molecules of both types of nucleotide..</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para DNA vs DNA structure" src="http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/nucleotides-DNA-RNA.gif" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here the video we used at class, for the DNA´s structure explanation. Watch this again and complete you notes if it is necessary.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/o_-6JXLYS-k?rel=0" width="560"></iframe>
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Write 2 questions about what you didn´t understand from the video, to get extra points.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">And finally, one video about replication</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dKubyIRiN84?rel=0" width="560"></iframe><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">You can print and paste the following images in you notebook!!! They are important to understand DNA structure and function!!!!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="The Chemical Structure of DNA 2017" src="http://www.compoundchem.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Chemical-Structure-of-DNA-2017-1024x724.png" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="Resultado de imagen para dna replication" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cwRzplFt6A8/maxresdefault.jpg" /></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5qSrmeiWsuc" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">See you at class!!!</span>Patricia Betancourthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04188305373963504893noreply@blogger.com0